ARDUINO , Gabriele

Introduction: Early diagnosis and treatment concerning bipolar disorder (BD) are related to a better functioning over the long-term period. Although pharmacotherapy is indicated for approximately all youths with BD, nearly one-third of patients do not receive adequate medications for their condition. Areas covered: The authors discuss the...

Background: Clozapine may be considered the first-line option for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), a condition that occurs in more than 30% of patients with schizophrenia. Despite its efficacy for treating TRS, clozapine use is limited by the occurrence of several adverse effects in more than 70% of cases. Clozapine does not typically...

: Recent evidence suggests a possible relationship between the immune system and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs), as neuroinflammation appears to play a role in major psychiatric conditions. Neuroinflammation is as a broad concept representing a physiological protective response to infection or injury, but in some cases, especially if...