BUNGE , H.-P.

Two large low-shear-velocity provinces (LLSVPs) in the deep mantle beneath Africa and the Pacific are generally interpreted as hot but chemically dense 'piles', which have remained isolated from mantle circulation for several hundred million years. This interpretation largely hinges on four seismic observations: (i) their shear wave velocity...

Absolute reference frames are a means of describing the motion of plates on the surface of the Earth over time, relative to a fixed point or "frame." Multiple models of absolute plate motion have been proposed for the Cretaceous–Tertiary period, however, estimating the robustness and limitations of each model remains a significant limitation...