ORSINI D.

Two hundred years ago, the first of the nine volumes of Paolo Mascagni's Anatomia universa was published posthumously. This work was the fruit of a project that preoccupied Mascagni for most of his life: the Atlas of anatomy, which was the perfect replica on paper of the dissection, a fundamental part of the teaching of this discipline....

Smallpox is a contagious viral disease. In the fight against smallpox, stimulation of the immune system by means of inoculation of human smallpox and subse-quent vaccination constituted a very important step for-ward in the history of medicine. First reported in ancient Greece and in the Egypt of the Pharaohs, smallpox reap-peared in the middle...

Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a disabling and life-threatening disease caused by three poliovirus (PV) serotypes. The virus spreads from person to person and can infect a person's spinal cord, causing paralysis. In 1988, when the WHO registered 350,000 cases of poliomyelitis in the world and 70,000 which occurred in Africa alone, global...

Achille Sclavo was a scientist with a multifaceted personality; throughout his life, he steadfastly maintained his commitment to research and teaching, while also gaining precious experience as an educator, politician and entrepreneur. He carried forward these various activities with the aim of bringing relief to a country smitten by epidemic...

In the wake of the great anatomists, Paolo Mascagni introduced important innovations into the methods of studying anatomy, as revealed both by his writings and, especially, by his approach to the analysis of anatomical sciences. He devoted his whole life to the study of anatomy, which he considered a mainstay of medical education. Mascagni's...

Introduction: In the summer of 2022, a vaccination campaign for the prevention of poliomyelitis was launched and "The CDC recommend that all children be vaccinated against polio, or poliomyelitis". The scientific community is on the alert for new cases of polio, which is spreading. Although polio seemed to have been almost completely eradicated...

This chapter was inadvertently published with the 3 figures missed to be included in the text of the published chapter. This has now been corrected and the 3 figures have been inserted in their correct positions in the text.

Contemporary society strongly demands that attention be paid to patient dignity, that the patient and their relatives be involved in therapeutic decisions, and that patients be cared for with professionalism and sensitivity. Since the 'sick role' involves a person's most intimate needs, care must also depend on a broader system of values,...

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Over the centuries, the oldest universities have amassed an extraordinary patrimony of material and immaterial cultural assets, which have been created or acquired for the purposes of research or teaching. Now on display in museums, they testify to the evolution of knowledge and its diversification in various disciplines. In order to safeguard,...

Background. Measles, a highly contagious and dangerous disease that can cause disability or even death, remains endemic in Ukraine. This is a serious public health problem that absolutely needs to be monitored. Indeed, in the years 2017-2019, Ukraine was hit by a major measles epidemic, which caused serious problems for the population. The...

Two hundred years after his birth, the authors remember the figure and thought of Carlo Livi, one of the most representative exponents of the new psychiatric culture of the second half of the 19th century. In doing so, they highlight Livi's ideals of great humanity, which accompanied his extensive professional expertise throughout his life....

Medical Humanities & Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest diseases known to affect humanity and is still a major public health problem. Today TB is one of the ten most frequent causes of death in the world. It is caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis, iso-lated by Robert Koch at the end of XIX Century when it was one...

Italy's museums possess an enormous patrimony of historical scientific artefacts. This raises important questions regarding the conservation and safeguard of such materials and prompts reflection as to the utility of current modalities of popularising science. The collections housed in scientific museums were created in order to promote...

Objective: The current health emergency caused by COVID-19 disease shows several correspondences with well-known epidemics of the past. The knowledge of their management and overcoming could give us useful tools to face the present COVID-19 pandemic and future epidemics. Study design: On 1 March 1801, the first smallpox vaccinations were...

Introduction. According to data from the World Health Organitious diseases may also spread in Morocco, which was hit by a zation (WHO), in the last year cholera has re-emerged in various severe earthquake on 8 September last. The focus of the paper is areas of the planet, particularly in Africa. The resurgence of this the awareness that the...

In 1904, the XII Congress of the Italian Phreniatric Society (30 years later, it would be named the Italian Psychiatric Society) debated the question of whether the neurosciences should constitute an independent field from psychiatry. Three years later, the Italian Society of Neurology was established and was presided over by Leonardo Bianchi...

Starting from the 1920s, the care and management of many post-encephalitis patients who survived the acute phase of encephalitis lethargica were often entrusted to psychiatric hospitals due to the psychic complications of the disease. Antonio D'Ormea, director of the psychiatric hospital of Siena from 1909 to 1952, tried to treat these patients...

We describe the Italian contribution to the description and treatment of parkinsonism following encephalitis lethargica (EL): postencephalitic parkinsonism (PEP). Special attention is devoted to the description of postencephalitic symptoms by Giuseppe Panegrossi (1871–1953) and to the treatment based on Atropa belladonna introduced in Italy and...

The authors examine the difficult situation of women hospitalized in mental facilities between the 19th and 20th centuries: an exploration of the forms of institutionalized gender violence in Italian psychiatric hospitals. In Italy's patriarchal society of the last two centuries, the behavior of women who did not conform to the dominant model...

Fifty years ago, Italy was declared a malaria-free country by the World Health Organization (WHO). In remembering this important anniversary, the authors of this paper describe the long journey that led to this goal. In the century following the unification of Italy, malaria was one of the main public health problems. At the end of the 19th...

In the spring of 1964, polio vaccination with the oral vaccine developed by Albert Sabin began in Italy. Polio was feared in the world and in Italy. Thus, between 1957 and the beginning of 1958, Italian children began receiving the "Salk vaccine", though the results were not particularly convincing. In July 1960, the international scientific...