SHEPPARD , Colin J. R.

If light is focused or collected with a high numerical aperture lens, as may occur in imaging and optical encryption applications, polarization should be considered in three dimensions (3D). The matrix algebra of polarization behavior in 3D is discussed. It is useful to convert between the Mueller matrix and two different Hermitian matrices,...

We show that the coherency matrix associated with a general depolarizing Mueller matrix can be factorized into the product of a matrix, the coherency matrix factor, and its conjugate transpose. The coherency matrix factor contains all the information in the Mueller matrix, and directly shows useful properties in an illustrative fashion....

The effect of combining the image scanning microscopy (ISM) technique with two-photon fluorescence microscopy is analyzed. The effective spatial frequency cutoff can be doubled, as compared with conventional two-photon fluorescence microscopy, and the magnitude of the optical transfer function near the cutoff of conventional two-photon...

If a scanning illumination spot is combined with a detector array, we acquire a 4 dimensional signal. Unlike confocal microscopy with a small pinhole, we detect all the light from the object, which is particularly important for fluorescence microscopy, when the signal is weak. The image signal is basically a cross-correlation, and is highly...

Image scanning microscopy is a technique of confocal microscopy in which the confocal pinhole is replaced by a detector array, and the image is reconstructed most straightforwardly by pixel reassignment. In the fluorescence mode, the detector array collects most of the fluorescent light, so the signal-to-noise ratio is much improved compared...

We propose a straightforward implementation of two-photon image scanning microscopy (2PE-ISM) that, by leveraging our recently introduced single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array detector and a novel blind image reconstruction algorithm is shown to dramatically improve the optical resolution of two-photon imaging, in various test samples. We...