YOON Y.

We demonstrate controlled pumping of Cooper pairs down to the level of a single pair per cycle, using an rf-driven Cooper-pair sluice. We also investigate the breakdown of the adiabatic dynamics in two different ways. By transferring many Cooper pairs at a time, we observe a crossover between pure Cooper-pair and mixed Cooper-pair-quasiparticle...

Recently, the fundamental laws of thermodynamics have been reconsidered for small systems. The discovery of the fluctuation relations(1-5) has spurred theoretical(6-13) and experimental(14-25) studies. The concept of entropy production has been extended to the microscopic level by considering stochastic trajectories of a system coupled to a...