SHEPPARD , Cjr

There is growing interest in techniques based on using detector arrays in confocal microscopy [1]. Many different implementations have been proposed, and various different names given to these techniques, one such name being image scanning microscopy [2]. The images from the elements of the detector array can be combined optically [3], but more...

At present, most optical microscopy techniques provide sub-diffraction scale imaging based on fluorescence as the underlying contrast mechanism. Fluorescence introduces certain limitations such as a reliance on labels, photo-bleaching and a reduction of penetration depth. Two-photon excitation microscopy, which utilizes near IR femtosecond...

Super-resolution or super resolved fluorescence microscopy, as indicated in the Chemistry Nobel Prize 2014 awarded to Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell and William Moerner, includes those microscopy techniques that increase the resolving ability of a light microscope well beyond the classical limits dictated by the diffraction barrier [1]. Since the...

The most recent advances in optical microscopy are mainly focused towards superresolution, using fluorescence stochastic/targeted read-out methods [1]. Since the demand is growing for imaging thick biological specimens as cell aggregates (i.e., tumor spheroids), tissues/organs (i.e. ligaments, meniscus) and small organisms (i.e. zebrafish),...